10/18/2026
More than 1,000 years later, gemstones remain embedded in many ancient Maya teeth—and the plant-based adhesives used to secure them may have offered an unexpected benefit beyond decoration.
Between 200 and 900 CE, Maya dental practitioners drilled small holes into teeth and set in gemstones such as jade and pyrite. Remarkably, more than half of these modified teeth recovered from archaeological excavations still retain their stone inlays.
A 2022 study published in Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports analyzed adhesive residues from eight archaeological teeth, identifying approximately 150 organic molecules associated with plant-derived materials. The researchers found four distinct groups of sealants corresponding to geographical locations, suggesting that Maya communities used different formulations.
Most samples contained pine-derived ingredients. Previous research suggests that some compounds from pine may inhibit bacteria associated with tooth decay. Other samples contained plant-derived compounds with potential antibacterial, antifungal or anti-inflammatory properties.
However, the researchers did not directly test whether these adhesives prevented cavities or treated oral infections. Their potential therapeutic benefits remain unproven.
The findings offer a glimpse into ancient dental practices that combined decorative tooth modification with carefully formulated adhesive materials.
Research: Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2022).
