10/16/2026
𧬠Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering
High-Yield Concepts | INBDE β’ ADAT β’ AFK
π¬ 1. Reverse Transcriptase
* Converts RNA β DNA.
* Found in retroviruses (HIV).
* Used in cDNA synthesis and RT-PCR.
𧬠2. Recombinant DNA Technology
* Combines DNA from different sources.
* Restriction enzymes cut DNA; DNA ligase joins fragments.
* Applications: Insulin, vaccines, and genetic engineering.
π¬ 3. Blotting Techniques
* Southern Blot: DNA detection
* Northern Blot: RNA detection
* Western Blot: Protein detection
* Eastern Blot: Protein modifications
𧬠4. Vectors
* Carry foreign DNA into host cells.
* Examples: Plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids.
π¬ 5. Plasmids
* Small, usually circular, extrachromosomal bacterial DNA.
* Replicate independently.
* Important in cloning and antibiotic resistance.
π¦ 6. Bacteriophages
* Viruses that infect bacteria.
* Lytic cycle: Host cell destruction.
* Lysogenic cycle: Phage DNA persists in the host.
* Transfer bacterial genes through transduction.
π‘ Exam Pearls
* Reverse Transcriptase β RNA to DNA
* DNA Ligase β Joins DNA fragments
* SNoW β SouthernβDNA, NorthernβRNA, WesternβProtein
* Transduction β Phage-mediated gene transfer
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